Sunday, 5 July 2026

The HTML

The Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML)

General Information:

->    HTML is a formatting language that's used for static web page design.

->    It's not a programming language.

->    There are mainly three types of World Wide Web (WWW) documents or pages.

->    Static web pages, Dynamic web pages and Active web pages.

->    JavaScript, Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) and Hypertext Pre-processor (PHP) also known as Personal Home Page, uses for designing the Dynamic / Active web pages.

->    XML: Extensible Markup Language: It has the same functionality as like HTML, but XML provides flexibility to the developer. It is used to transport data from one application or script to another.   

  • HTML Tags: 

->    The html tags are categorized into a container tag or an empty tag.  

  • Container Tags:

Tags comes in pair with an opening tag and closing tag, called container tags.

->    Opening tags indicating the start of the formatting. e.g. <b>  Opening tag for bold the text. 
->    Closing tags indicating the end of the formatting. e.g. </b>  Closing tag for bold the text.

  • Empty Tags:

In contrast, an empty tag has only an opening tag.
e.g. <br>  Break tag: It is used to break the line or new-line.

  • Structure of HTML: 

Note: HTML is not case-sensitive. Its tag may be written in upper case or lower case. 

<html> 

        <comment> This section used to identify the page as a web page </comment>

                <head>  <title>  The optional Section will appear in the title bar of the web browser. </title>  </head>

                <body>
                    The actual content of the document.
                </body>

</html>

  • Where are HTML tags written? 

->    Open a text editor / notepad. 
->     Write the above tags to your opened text editor 
->     Save the text editor using (ctrl+s) as "filename.html" in any folder of your computer. 
->     Go to the folder. 
->     "double click" on "flilename.html", it will be displayed in the browser.

  • Advantages of HTML:-

->    It can be used in any operating system platform. 

->    HTML is compatible with all major browsers and widely supported by web development tools.

->    Hyperlinking one document to another is easy in HTML.

->    It is simple to edit and fast to download documents.

->    HTML is free and independent of platforms and devices.

  • Limitations:-

->    HTML is neither a programming language nor a desktop publishing tool.

->    The displayed file is static in nature and cannot be updated by any process.


  • Comment tag <comment>:-
->    It is used to add comments in an HTML document. Comments are ignored by the browser and do not appear in the browser window.

->    The comment tag <!--    and    --> can be used to enclose the text for the comment as shown below:

                <!--    Type your comment here    -->

->    The tag <comment> can also be used to insert a comment as shown below:

                <comment>    Type your comment here    </comment>

  • Line break tag <br>:-
->    The <br> (line break) tag is an empty tag used to insert a line break in an HTML document.

->    The web browser interprets the <br> tag as a request to insert a line break. It moves the cursor to the beginning of the next line before displaying the following text.

eg.-    <html>
             <head>
                    <title>    Use of break tag    </title>
            </head>
                <body>
                    What's Your Name ? <br> Mr. Jack . <br> OR <br> Ms. Jack . 
                </body>
        </html>

  • Paragraph tag <p>:-
->    The pair of paragraph tags <p> and </p> are used to enclose and demarcate a section of text as a paragraph.

->   It is a container tag used to create a paragraph. By default, the browser leaves a blank line (space) before and after each paragraph, creating spacing between paragraphs.

->    The align attribute of the <p> tag is used to align the paragraph text to the left, center, or right of the web page.

eg.-    <p    align = center>    Center Aligned Text    </p>

  • Heading or headline tags <h1> to <h6>:-
->    Heading tags are container tags used to display headings in different sizes. 

->    There are six predefined heading levels, represented by the tags <h1>, <h2>, ..., <h6>. 

->    Among these, <h1> defines the largest size heading, while <h6> defines the smallest size heading.

->    The align attribute of the heading tag is used to align the heading text to the left, center, or right of the web page.

eg.- <h1 align = center> Center aligned Heading </h1>

  • Structure of Headline Tags:-

Open Notepad and type the example and save the file as work.html.

<html>

<head>

<title> Different Heading Sizes </title>

</head>

    <body>

        <h1 align = center> Text in heading size 1 </h1>

        <h2 align = center> Text in heading size 2 </h2>

        <h3 align = left> Text in heading size 3 </h3>

        <h4 align = left> Text in heading size 4 </h4>

        <h5> Text in heading size 5 </h5>

        <h6> Text in heading size 6 </h6>    

</body>

</html>


Output:-   



  • Working with Tables:-

The <table> tag is used to create a table: <table>...</table>. It is a container tag used to display data in tabular form.

Tags associated with the <table> tag are as follows:

  • <caption> tag to create a table caption.
  • <tr> tag to create a table row.
  • <th> tag to create a column header.
  • <td> tag to insert data within each cell in the table.

Attributes of the <table> tag:-     border,    bgcolor,    background,    and     align .     

The border attribute is used to set the border width of the table.

eg.- <table border = 2>...</table>

The bgcolor attribute is used to set the background color of all the table cells.

eg.- <table bgcolor = yellow>...</table>

The align attribute is used to specify the alignment of the table on the page.

eg.- <table align = center>...</table>

    -> A combination of attributes makes the <table> tag very useful.
    eg.- <table    border = 2    bgcolor = yellow    align = center>...</table>

  • Structure of Table Tag:-

Open Notepad and type the example and save the file as work.html.

<html>

<head>

<title> Creating a simple table </title>

</head>

<body>

    <table border = 2 align = center>

    <caption> Hostel Accommodation <caption>

        <tr>

            <th> Type </th>

            <th> Rate </th>

            <th> Available </th>

        </tr>

        <tr>

            <td> Single Bed </td>

            <td> 500/- </td>

             <td> 25 </td>

        </tr>

            <tr>

            <td> Double Bed </td>

            <td> 800/- </td>

             <td> 15 </td>

        </tr>

    </table>

</body>

</html>


Output:-



  • Working with Scrolling Text:-  <marquee> 

<marquee>    ...    </marquee> tag:-    

It is a container tag used to display scrolling (moving) text on a web page. A line of scrolling text can be inserted anywhere on a web page. By default, the text scrolls from right to left.

  • direction and bgcolor Attributes of the <marquee> Tag:

The direction attribute of the <marquee> tag is used to set the direction of the scrolling text.

eg.-  <marquee    direction = right>    ...    </marquee>

The bgcolor attribute of the <marquee> tag sets the background color of the scrolling text area.

eg.-  <marquee    bgcolor = CYAN>    ...    </marquee>

  • Structure of <MARQUEE> Tag:-

Open Notepad and type the example and save the file as work.html.

 <HTML>

<HEAD>

<TITLE> Using Scrolling Text </TITLE>

<HEAD>

    <BODY>

        <MARQUEE> Scrolling text from right to left </MARQUEE>

            <MARQUEE    DIRECTION = RIGHT>  Scrolling text from  left to right  </MARQUEE>

    </BODY>

</HTML>




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Friday, 26 June 2026

Web Design Question Paper-2026

Department of Engineering 


and Technological 


Studies, University of Kalyani



B.Tech. Pt-IV (ECE) 2nd Semester Examination, 2026


Subject: Web Design    

Paper: EC801


Full marks=70 Time: 3 Hours


The figures in the right-hand margin indicate marks.


Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as possible.


The notations follow their standard meanings.

Answer question number one and any five from rest.



1.    Answer any ten questions: (2 x 10 = 20)



    a)     What do you mean by empty and container tags in HTML? Give examples of each.



    b)     What is the difference between the <th>, <tr> and <td> tages in HTML?



    c)     What is CSS? State its advantages.



    d)     What is the role of the z-index property?



    e)     What is the CSS Box Model?



    f)     What is the use of the alert() method, and what is the purpose of the <script> tag?



    g)     What is the difference between == and === operators in JavaScript?



    h)     What is the purpose of the BCC option in an email?




    i)     What is a Web browser? Explain any two important uses of the WWW.




    j)     Explain the function of heading tags <h1> to <h6> in HTML.




    k)     Interpret the frameset tags <frameset cols="30%,70%"> and <frameset

rows="60%,40%">.


    
    l)    Write the differences between the anchor tag and the image tag in HTML.



    m)    State the purpose of the <form> tag in HTML.



    n)    What are pseudo-classes in CSS? Give examples.



    o)    Name the tag with all possible attributes that can be used to insert a scrolling text in a web page.





2.     a)    With the help of proper examples, explain the use of the <UL> and <OL> tags in HTML.



        b)    Write the HTML code to create a table with proper column headings to store the Name, Age, Department, Gender, and Stream of 5 students in five different rows.




        c)    Write the HTML code to display a quadratic equation ax12 + bx1 + c = 0, Where on a web  page.
                                                                                            (3+4+3)


3.     a)     What is a web page? Explain the differences between static, dynamic, and active web pages.



        b)     Differentiate between viruses, worms, and Trojan horses.




        c)     What will be displayed on the web page for the following HTML code?


                <html>

                <head>

                <title> Use of text formatting tags </title>

                </head>

                <body>

                        <b><i><u> Water Facts </u></i><b><br>

                        Formula is <b>H<sub>2</sub>O</b><br>

                        Molecular Wt. is <b><big>18</big></b><br>

                        Melting Pt. <big>0<sup>o</sup>C</big><br>

                        Boiling Pt. <big>100<sup>o</sup>C</big><br>

                </body>


                </html>


                                                                                                                    (4+3+3)


4.     a)     Explain the syntax of a CSS rule with an example. Also discuss the different 


                ways of applying CSS to an HTML document with suitable examples.




        b)     Discuss the concept of cascading, inheritance, and specificity in CSS. 


                                                                                                                   ((2+4)+4)



5.     a)     Describe CSS positioning techniques (static, relative, absolute, fixed, and

        sticky) with examples.




        b)     Develop a webpage layout using CSS Flexbox for arranging page sections (header, navigation, content, and footer). Also, create a photo gallery using CSS Grid. Write the

                 HTML and CSS code and explain the key Flexbox and Grid properties used. 


                                        (5+(2+2+1))



6.     a)     Describe the Document Object Model (DOM). Explain how JavaScript can be used to access


                 and modify HTML elements dynamically.



        b)     Describe error handling in JavaScript. Explain the use of try, catch, finally, and


                  throw statements with examples.                            
                                                                                                    (5+5)


7.     a)     Explain the concept of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) in JavaScript. 


                Discuss objects, constructors, classes, inheritance, and encapsulation.



        b)     Write a tabular note to differentiate between HTML, XML, JavaScript, and PHP. 



                                                                                                                                (6+4)



8.     Short notes:

                                                                                                                        (2 x 5)

    Answer any two of the following:


    a)     Hacking and Cracking in the Internet.


    b)     Social Networking Vs. E-Sites.


    c)     Internet of Things (IoT).


    d)     Cryptology.







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The HTML

The Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) General Information: ->      HTML is a formatting language that's used for static web page desi...