GIMP Image Editor

GIMP Image Editor:     How to edit images into PGM ?

• GIMP: GNU Image Manipulation Program.
• GIMP Image Editor is a Free and Open Source Image Editor. click here to download and install.
• It is used for converting images into a PGM Extension.

        Different Type of Image Extension:  

             JPEG ->  Joint Photographic Experts Group
             PNG ->   Portable Network Graphics
            XCF ->   eXperimental Computing Facility
             PGM ->  Portable Gray Map

PGM: Portable Gray Map:   

-> In image processing technique, we have to take input as an image. So, the most efficient extension for input image is the ".PGM" extension image.  

-> The ".pgm" extensible Images are editable in a text editor. 

-> The ".xcf, .png, .jpeg" extensible images are not editable in a text editor.

-> ASCII: American Standard Code for Information Interchange.  

 

Process of Converting Images into a PGM Image:

->  Download the GIMP File -> Install.

-> Download image  ->  Save Download Image  ->  "Right Click" on saving image  ->  go to "Open with" and  ->  click on "GIMP Image Editor"  ->  Go to the "file" in open image ->  Click on "save as..."  ->  Go to top and Change the Name: of the file extension into "pgm"  ->  Go to right bottom corner, click "Save"  ->  Click "Take me to the Export dialog"  ->  Go to Right bottom corner and click "Export"  ->  Choose "ASCII"  ->  Export.

Image Processing using C-Programming

Image: 

• An image is a two-dimensional (2-D) array of pixels.
• There are mainly two types of Image.

1. R-G-B Channel Image: The R-G-B Images are formed by three primary channel called a color image. Red, Green and Blue are three channels in a color image.
   
2. Single Channel Image: Monochrome Image that has pixel's intensity ranging from 0 to 255 is called Single Channel Image. 

Example:

Figure 1. A Monochrome Image

Image Contrast Stretching using C-Programming.

Contrast Stretching in Image Processing:

• It is an image processing technique for low-contrast images.
• The low-contrast images can result from poor illumination and wrong setting of a lens aperture during image acquisition.
• Contrast stretching is a process that expands the range of intensity levels in an image.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<stdlib.h>

#include<math.h>

void main()

{

int i,j,row,col,max,pix,v=0,max1=0,min=1000;

char c[10],a[100];

FILE *p,*q;

p=fopen("cot.pgm","r");  /*    "cot.pgm"  is a low contrast Input Monochrome Image    */

fscanf(p,"%s\n", c);

fscanf(p,"%[^\n]\n", a);

fscanf(p,"%d %d\n", &col ,&row);

fscanf(p,"%d\n",&max);

int m[row][col],m1[row][col],m2[256];

for(i=0;i<row;i++)

{

for(j=0;j<col;j++)

{

fscanf(p,"%d\n",&pix);

m[i][j]=pix;

if(max1<pix)

max1=pix;

if(min>pix)

min=pix;

}

}

printf("%d %d\n", max1,min);

for(i=0;i<row;i++)

{

for(j=0;j<col;j++)

{

m[i][j]=((255*(m[i][j]-min)/(max1-min)));

}

}

 /*  "d31.pgm"  is a high contrast output Monochrome Image  */

q=fopen("d31.pgm","w");

fprintf(q,"%s\n",c);

fprintf(q,"%s\n",a);

fprintf(q,"%d %d\n", col, row);

fprintf(q,"%d\n",max);

for(i=0;i<row;i++)

{

for(j=0;j<col;j++)

{

pix=m[i][j];

fprintf(q,"%d\n",pix);

}

}

fclose(p);

fclose(q);

} 

Generic Pointer in C

Void Pointer or Generic Pointer (void *) in C

Pointers: 

-> A pointer is a derived data type in C-Programming.

-> It builds from one of the fundamental data types (int, float, char, and double).

-> The declaration of a pointer variable is as follows: data_type *pointer_name

Example 1:      int *P;

                         float *x;

-> Ampersand Symbol ( & ) in C-Programming represents the "address of" operator.    

Example 2:      int quantity;

                        int *P; 

                        P = &quantity;     

-> In this syntax, integer, pointer variable 'P' store the address of an integer variable quantity. 

Example 3:        float rate;

                           int *P;

                           P = &rate

-> The syntax given in Example 3 is wrong. Since, Compatibility and Casting problems.

-> Therefore, we cannot assign the address of floating variable rate into the integer pointer variable P.

-> The problem of Compatibility and Casting, can be solved by using Generic Pointer.

The Generic Pointer:

-> The void pointer is a generic pointer that can represent any pointer type.

-> All pointer types can be assigned to a void pointer and a void pointer can be assigned to any pointer without casting. 

Example 4:            void *vp;    (generic pointer)

                               float rate;

                               vp = &rate;

-> A pointer variable 'vp' with type void is called generic pointer.

-> The syntax in Example 4, resolve the problem of Compatibility and Casting and void pointer vp store the address of floating point variable rate.

Q.1. Why we use a generic pointer in C-Programming ?

Complexity of Infinite Loop

Infinite Loop in C                           

"Infinite Loop in C-code means the loop does not terminate."

C-Compiler: Code Blocks (https://sourceforge.net/projects/codeblocks/), Turbo C++, Dev-C++ (https://sourceforge.net/software/product/Embarcadero-Dev-Cpp/)

Example 1.

C-programing in Linux platform:

1. Open a text-editor -> Write C-code -> Press (ctrl+shift+s) -> type filename.c -> Click on save .

2. Open command prompt (a) For compilation: Type gcc filename.c (b) For execution: Type ./a.out

There are mainly four types of infinite loop in C-programming.

(i) By calling the main function into the main().

(ii) By using for-loop.

(iii) By using while-loop.

(iv) By using do-while-loop.   

# include<stdio.h>

void main ()

{

printf ("hello");

main();

}

The output of this C-programming: hellohellohello--------------till interrupt (ctrl+z). 

#include<stdio.h>

int main()

{

for(;;)

{

printf("hello \n");

}

return(0);

}

#include<stdio.h>

int main()

{

while(1)

{

printf("hello\n");

}

return(0);

}

#include<stdio.h>

int main()

{

do

{

printf("hello\n");

}

while(1);

return(0);

}

If the return type of main() function is an integer then we must include a return(0) function in our code.  

On Windows Platforms (Turbo C++):

Example 2.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main ()

{

for (;;)

{

printf ("hello");

}

clrscr ();

getch ();

}

In "Turbo c++" compiler, we must include getch() and clrscr() function for displaying the output on clear screen.

 

The HTML

The Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML)

General Information:

->    HTML is a formatting language that's used for static web page design.

->    It's not a programming language.

->    There are mainly three types of World Wide Web (WWW) documents or pages.

->    Static web pages, Dynamic web pages and Active web pages.

->    JavaScript, Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) and Hypertext Pre-processor (PHP) also known as Personal Home Page, uses for designing the Dynamic / Active web pages.

->    XML: Extensible Markup Language: It has the same functionality as like HTML, but XML provides flexibility to the developer. It is used to transport data from one application or script to another.   

• HTML Tags: 

->    The html tags are categorized into a container tag or an empty tag.  

• Container Tags:

Tags comes in pair with an opening tag and closing tag, called container tags.

->    Opening tags indicating the start of the formatting. e.g. <b>  Opening tag for bold the text. 

->    Closing tags indicating the end of the formatting. e.g. </b>  Closing tag for bold the text.

• Empty Tags:

In contrast, an empty tag has only an opening tag.

e.g. <br>  Break tag: It is used to break the line or new-line.

• Structure of HTML: 

Note: HTML is not case-sensitive. Its tag may be written in upper case or lower case. 

<html> 

        <comment> This section used to identify the page as a web page </comment>

                <head>  <title>  The optional Section will appear in the title bar of the web browser. </title>  </head>

                <body>

                    The actual content of the document.

                </body>

</html>

• Where are HTML tags written? 

->    Open a text editor / notepad. 

->     Write the above tags to your opened text editor 

->     Save the text editor using (ctrl+s) as "filename.html" in any folder of your computer. 

->     Go to the folder. 

->     "double click" on "flilename.html", it will be displayed in the browser.

• Advantages of HTML:-

->    It can be used in any operating system platform. 

->    HTML is compatible with all major browsers and widely supported by web development tools.

->    Hyperlinking one document to another is easy in HTML.

->    It is simple to edit and fast to download documents.

->    HTML is free and independent of platforms and devices.

• Limitations:-

->    HTML is neither a programming language nor a desktop publishing tool.

->    The displayed file is static in nature and cannot be updated by any process.

 

Types of Computer

Computer Generations:

"Computer Generation" refers to the advancements of technology, speed, storage capacity and the reduction of the prices and the size of the computers.

(i) First Generation: (1946-1955) - Made by using Vacuum tubes, Examples: ("ENIAC" and "UNIVAC").

(ii) Second Generation: (1956-1965) - Made by using Transistor.

(iii) Third Generation: (1966-1975) - Made by using Integrated Circuits (IC) chips.

(iv) Fourth Generation: (1976-2010) - Made by using Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Technology.

(v) Fifth Generation: (2010-Present) - Made by using Artificial Intelligence (AI).

Computer Models:

Models: Depending on shape, sizes and capabilities modern computer are mainly four types.

(i) Micro Computers,

(ii) Mini Computers,

(iii) Mainframe Computers,

(iv) Super Computers

Computer Types:

Based on principle of operations, computers are classified into following three types:

(i) Digital Computers,

(ii) Analog Computers,

(iii) Hybrid Computers.

Intelligence Quotient (I.Q.) of the COMPUTER

How to compute the intelligence quotient (I.Q.) of any object or system or animal:

$Intelligence \;Quotient (I.Q.)$ = $\frac{Mental \;Age\; of\; the\; System}{Chronological \;Age \;of\; the\; System}*100$

Since the Mental Age of the non-living System = 0.

$Intelligence\; Quotient (I.Q.)$ = $\frac{0}{Chronological\; Age\; of\; the\; System}*100$

$I.Q. \; of\; the\; Computer \;System$ = $\frac{0}{Chronological\; Age\; of\; the\; System}*100$

Still the I.Q. of the Computer System = 0.

Q. What is the I.Q. of the computer?

IPO Cycle

Introduction to Computer: -  The computer is a modern electronic machine that can receive data or information and can store & process the data as per instructions and finally can display the results accurately is named as Computer.  

In other words, the computer is a modern electronic device that performs basically three operations in a sequence.  

1. It receives data (Input).

2. It processes data (Process).

3. It emits data (Output). 

This cycle of operations in a computer is known as input-process-output (IPO) cycle.

Q. 1. What do you mean by I-P-O cycle in the computer ?